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اثربخشی توانبخشی شناختی بر بهبود کارکردهای اجرایی و مهارتهای خواندن دانشآموزان نارساخوان: مروری نظاممند بر پژوهشهای داخلی | ||
پژوهش های کیفی در علوم رفتاری | ||
مقاله 12، دوره 3، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 6، اسفند 1403، صفحه 235-258 اصل مقاله (1.14 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله مروری | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22077/qrbs.2025.8253.1061 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
نگین نیک بین1؛ مهدی رضایی* 2 | ||
1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی تربیتی دانشگاه بیرجند | ||
2استادیار، گروه روان شناسی | ||
چکیده | ||
زمینه: دانشآموزان نارساخوان در کارکردهای اجرایی خود از جمله حافظۀ کاری، توجه، پردازش اطلاعات، انعطافپذیری شناختی و بازداری پاسخ بیشترین ضعف را دارند. توانبخشی شناختی با تأثیر بر روی عملکرد مغز، ظرفیتهای شناختی از دست رفته فرد را بهبود بخشیده و بر روی حوزههای مختلف شناخت از جمله حافظه، توجه و کنشهای اجرایی و مهارتهای خواندن مؤثر است. هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر مرور نظاممند مداخلات توانبخشی شناختی بر روی بهبود کارکردهای اجرایی و مهارتهای خواندن دانشآموزان نارساخوان بود تا ویژگیهای معتبرترین مداخلات را برجسته کند و پژوهشهای آینده را راهنمایی کند. روش: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه مروری نظاممند بود. نتایج این مطالعه بر اساس مقالات پژوهشی منتشر شده به زبان فارسی کسب گردید. در این پژوهش کلیۀ مقالات انتشار یافته در بازۀ زمانی (فروردین 1393 الی مرداد 1403) طی جستجو در پایگاه اطلاعاتی فارسی SID, Google Scholar, Magiran, Ensani انتخاب شدند. جستجوی مقالات فارسی با یک راهبرد مشخص شد به این صورت که در گام اول تمام مقالاتی که در عنوان یا چکیده آنها، کلید واژههای ذکر شده یا مشابه یا مرتبط با موضوع بودند، استخراج شدند؛ در این مرحله در قسمت جستجوی پیشرفته پایگاه اطلاعاتی کلید واژههای (نارساخوانی یا اختلال خواندن یا اختلالات خواندن یا خوانش پریشی یا خواندن پریشی یا مشکلات خواندن یا ناتوانی خواندن) و (توانبخشی شناختی یا مداخلات شناختی یا تمرینات شناختی یا آموزش شناختی) بهصورت ترکیبی مورد جستجو قرار گرفت. در این مرحله تعداد 603 مقاله فارسی جمعآوری گردید. در گام دوم تعداد 455 مقاله تکراری و سپس تعداد 118 مقاله که با ملاکهای ورود و خروج هماهنگی نداشتند، حذف شدند. در این بخش تعداد 30 مقاله فارسی جمعآوری گردید. یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد که مداخلات توانبخشی شناختی با بهرهگیری از تمرینهای هدفمند و مبتنی بر اصول شکلپذیری عصبی مغز، تأثیر قابل توجهی بر بهبود جنبههای مختلف شناختی نظیر توجه، حافظه، کارکردهای اجرایی و مهارتهای خواندن از جمله خواندن کلمات، ناکلمات، زنجیره کلمات، درک مطلب، هجی کردن و پردازش دیداری-واجشناختی، بهبود عملکرد کلی خواندن و کاهش علائم نارساخوانی دارد. پژوهشها نشان دادند که توانبخشی شناختی، چه بهصورت رایانهای و چه بهصورت غیررایانهای، میتواند در بهبود مشکلات کارکردهای اجرایی و مهارتهای خواندن دانشآموزان نارساخوان مؤثر واقع شود. همچنین، توانبخشی شناختی رایانهای نسبت به روشهای غیررایانهای از کارایی بیشتری برخوردار است. نتیجهگیری: با توجه به اثربخشی توانبخشی شناختی رایانهای و غیررایانهای در کارکردهای اجرایی و مهارتهای خواندن دانشآموزان نارساخوان توصیه میشود تا متخصصان، روانشناسان و مشاوران در حوزۀ اختلالات یادگیری، مسئولان مدارس و مراکز مشاوره و خدمات روانشناختی آموزش و پرورش تلاش کنند تا با استفادۀ عملی از توانبخشی شناختی بهصورتهای گوناگون، روند یادگیری و عملکرد تحصیلی این دانشآموزان را بهبود بخشند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
اختلال یادگیری؛ نارساخوانی؛ کارکردهای اجرایی؛ مهارتهای خواندن؛ توانبخشی شناختی؛ مرور نظاممند | ||
مراجع | ||
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