پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 22 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 289 |
| تعداد مقالات | 2,982 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 2,957,188 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 2,176,337 |
Growing fruit trees with rainwater harvesting in arid environments: the case of almond in Northwest Iran | ||
| Water Harvesting Research | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 1، تیر 2021، صفحه 54-67 اصل مقاله (954.82 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22077/jwhr.2020.3340.1034 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Ali Reza Tavakoli* 1؛ Theib Y. Oweis2؛ Ali Reza Sepaskhah3؛ Mehran Mahdavi Moghadam4؛ Yadollah Farayedi5 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2International Center for Agricultural research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). | ||
| 3Professor of Water Engineering Department, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. | ||
| 4Professor of Department of Irrigation and Drainage, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran. | ||
| 5Instructor of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Fruit trees are grown in arid environments under irrigation. In most of the dry environments, irrigation water is not available or is scarce during the growing season; therefore, irrigation may not be possible or feasible. Yet farmers continue to grow trees under this dry rainfed condition. Low precipitation and the occurrence of frequent drought spells stress trees and cause low yields or crop failure. Farmers, to avoid crop failure, supplement rainwater with costly irrigation water often transported to the sites by tankers. Through rainwater harvesting, precipitation is concentrated through runoff from larger catchments to the basins of trees to be stored in the root zone for using during the dry period. It is however important to evaluate the capacity of system and its design parameters to ensure sufficient and efficient water supply for individual trees over the drought periods. Field trials for almond orchards were conducted over 7 years in a dry area in Northwestern Iran with mean annual rainfall 250 mm. The objective is to evaluate the impact of a range of micro-catchment rainwater harvesting practices and soil amendments on the performance of two varieties of almond trees widely grown in the area. Treatments include catchment size and geometry, surface treatment, soil water absorbent and fermented manure. Results showed that a 49 m2 compacted catchment is sufficient to generate enough runoff to supplement rainfall for each almond tree with no effect of catchment geometry. The addition of a super absorbent material to increase soil-water storage of the root zone did not outperform the use of fermented manure. Threshold rainfall for initiation of runoff ranged from 3.5 to 5.5 mm. In a 7 mm rainfall event and basin size of 49 m2, the runoff coefficients ranged from 13.1, to 48.4 percent. At maturity, almond trees yielded 612 kg dry nuts/ha using water-harvesting system where no irrigation was needed. In this dryland environment, farmers can grow economical rainfed almond orchards with appropriate micro catchment rainwater harvesting system. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Micro catchments؛ rainwater harvesting؛ fruit trees؛ drylands | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abdulaziz, S., and Turbak, A.L. 2000. Efficient use of rain water in irrigation in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Abstracts of the congress. Kenya Strategic Water Development, Kenya.
Anaja, M.G., and Tovar, J.S. 1975. Different soil treatments for harvesting for radish production in the Mexico valley. In: G.W., Frasier (ed), Symp. Water harvesting, 26-28 March, 1975, Phoenix, AR, ARSW22, US, Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, pp: 315-320.
Balvinder, S., Gupta, G.N., and Prasad, K.G. 1988. Use of mulches in establishment and growth of tree spicies on dry lands. Indian Forester, 114(6): 307-316.
Banedjschafie, S., Rahbar, E., and Khaksarian, F. 2006. Effect of a super absorbent Polymers on moisture characteristics of sandy soils. Iranian J. of Rang and Desert Research, 13(2): 139-144. (in Persian).
Barzegar Ghazi, A., Abdi Ghazi, A., Javanshir, A., and Moghaddam, M. 2001. Afforestation by rain water and evaluation different types of trees at On-ebn-Ali, Tabriz. J. of Agricultural Science, 4(11): 39-56.
Boers, T.M., and Ben-Asher, J. 1980. Harvesting water in the desert. Annual report 1979.
Boers, T.M., D.E., Graaf, R.A., Feddes and Ben-Asher, J. 1986. A linear regression model combined with soil water balance model to design Micro Catchments for water harvesting in arid zones. Agricultural Water Management.11:187-206.
Boers, Th.M. 1994. Rainwater harvesting in arid and semi-arid zones. Ph.D. Dissertation. The Netherlands: Wageningen Agricultural University.
Chow, V.T. 1953. Frequency analysis of hydrologic data with special application to rainfall intensities. University of Illinois. Engineering Experiment Station. Bulletin; no. 414, Technical Report, 80 pp.
Copra, G.N. 1994. Conserving rain water for plant production. J. Ecological Management, 70: 329-339.
Evenari, M., Shanan, L., and Tadmor, N.H. 1971. The Negev: The challenge of a desert. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA, 345 p.
Fooladmand, H.R., and Sepaskhah, A.R. 2003. Economic analysis for the production of four grape cultivars using micro catchment water harvesting systems in Iran. J. of Arid Environments, 58(4): 525-533.
Ganji Khorramdel, N. 1999. Effect of Moisture Absorbent Polymer (PR3995A) on Some Soil Physical Properties, MSc Thesis, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, .165pp. (in Persian with English abstract).
Ganji Khorramdel, N., and Keikhaei, F. 2004. Application of moisture absorbent polymer (PR3995A) on irrigation program at arid and semi-arid regions. 1st National Seminar Control Methods on National Resources losses. http://www.civilica. Com / Paper- SNRLP01-SNRLP01_016.html. (in Persian).
Geesing, D., and Schmidhalter, U. 2004. Influence of sodium polyacrylate on the water-holding capacity of three different soils and effects on growth of wheat. Soil Use and Management, 20: 207-209
Gupta, G.N., and Mohan, S. 1991. Response of various tree species to management and their suitability on degraded sandy clay loam soil of semi-arid regions. Indian J. of Forestry. 14(1): 33-41.
Gupta, J.P., and Muthana, K.D. 1985. The effect of integrated moisture conservation technology on the early growth and establishment of Acacia tortilis in the Indian desert. Indian Forester, 111(7): 477-485.
Hafeez, M., and Rafique, M. 1995. Use of polymers for dry afforestation in Cholistan. Pakistan J. of Forestry, 45(1): 25-28.
Haghayeghi Moghaddam, S.A. 2005. Increasing soil moisture capacity by super absorbent and improving agricultural water productivity. Technical workshop of Mechanized Surface Irrigation, Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (IRNCID). (in Persian with English abstract).
Hashemi Nia, S.M. 2004. Water management at agriculture. University of Ferdowsi press, No 399, 519pp. Hira, G.S., Kalkat, J.S., and Shakya, S.K. 1990. Use of plastic sheet for plantation in problem soils. P. 161-165. Proceeding of the XI International Congress on the Use of Plastic in Agriculture. 26th Feb. 2nd March, New Delhi, India.
Holt, R.M. 1989. A promising approach for sustainable range and agroforestry development in warm arid areas. Central Rangelands Development Project, Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range. Mogadishu, Somalia, 167pp.
Kaarakka, V. 1996. Management of bushland vegetation using rainwater harvesting in eastern Kenya. Acta Forestalia FEnnica. 93pp.
Karpiscak, M.M., Foster, K.E. and Rawles, R.L. 1984. Water harvesting and evaporation suppression. Aridlands Newsletter, 21, 10-17.
Kinhal, G.A. 1998. Early planting and critical watering – an effective method of wastelandafforestation. Advanced in Forestry Research in India, 1: 125-134.
KochakZadeh, M., SabaghFarshi, A.A., and Ganji Khorramdel, N. 2000. Effects of moisture absorbent polymer on some soil physical properties. J. of Soil and Water Sciences, 14(2): 176-186. (in Persian).
Kossar, A. 1973. Preliminary results of rainfed forestry in dry lands of Iran using petroleum mulch. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran. (in Persian).
Najafi, A., Barzgar-Ghazy, A., Javanshir, A., and Moghaddam, M. 1997. Afforestation by rain water harvesting and evaluation of different species: A case study. Proceeding of the 8th International Conference on Rainwater Catchmant Systems. Tehran, Iran, Vol. 2, 890-896 pp.
Oweis, T. 1994. Water harvesting concepts and techniques for agriculture, ICARDA.
Oweis, T., and Hachum, A. 2003. Improving water productivity in the dry areas of West Asia and North Africa. In: Kijne, J.W., Barker, R., and Molden, D. (eds) Water Productivity in Agriculture, limits and opportunities for improvement, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka. pp.: 179-198.
Oweis T.Y, and Taimeh, A.Y. 1996. Evaluation of small basin water harvesting system in the arid region of Jordan. Water Resources Management, 10: 21-34.
Oweis, T., Prinz, D. and Hachum, A. 2012. Water harvesting for agriculture in the dry areas. CRC Press/Balkema, Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK. ISBN: 978-0-415-62114-4 (Hbk); ISBN: 978-0-203-10625-9 (eBook)
Parvizi, H. and Sepaskhah, A.R., 2016. The effect of physical and chemical treatments on runoff, infiltration and soil loss. Iran Agricultural Research, 35(2), pp.9-18.(in Persian).
Pourmeidani, A., and KhalilPoor, A. 2007. Effects of Using Polymer (BT53) on erosion control and soil conservation. 10th National Soil Science Congress. http://www.civilica.com/Paper-SSCI10-SSCI10_087.html. (in Persian with English abstract).
Sepaskhah, A.R. and Fooladmand, H.R. 2004. A computer model for design of micro catchment water harvesting systems for rain-fed vineyard. Agricultural Water Management 64(3):213-232.
Sepaskhah, A.R., and Kamgar Haghighi, A.A. 1989. Study on runoff harvesting system for dryland grapes. Final report project, No 18-297-AG-60. (in Persian with English abstract).
Sharma, K.D. 1986. Run off behavior of water harvesting micro catchments. Agric. Water Manage.11: 137-144.
Swatantra, S.D. 1994. Soil and water conservation in situ an innovative technique. Indian Forester, 120(1): 30-34.
Tabatabaee Yazdi, J., Haghayeghi, S.A., Ghodsi, M., and Afshar, H. 2010. Rainwater Harvesting for Supplementary Irrigation of Rainfed wheat in Mashhad Region. J. of Water and Soil, 24(2): 198-207.
Tavakoli, A.R. 2007. Response of almond trees to Micro- Catchments – Water – Harvesting (MCWH) in East Azarbaijan. Final Research Report, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Maragheh, Iran. (in Persian)
Tavakoli, A.R. 2013. Determination of technical characters of micro catchments water harvesting systems for rainfed Almond trees. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 14(2):1-16. (in Persian)
Tavakoli, A.R., and Oweis, T. 2005. Improving rain water productivity by micro catchments water harvesting (MCWH) systems in the northwest of Iran. IV International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds, May 2005, Tehran, Iran.
Zare, E. 2008. Comparative advantage of almond in Iran. J. of Agricultural Science, 2(18): 27-36. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 687 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 358 |
||
نماد الکترونیک
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب