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Evaluation of the application of endophytic bacteria Micromonospora echinaurantiaca and Sphingomonas aquatilis in enhancing wheat tolerance to salinity stress | ||
| تنشهای محیطی در علوم زراعی | ||
| Article 1, Volume 19, Issue 1, February 2026, Pages 1-22 PDF (1.17 M) | ||
| Document Type: Original Article | ||
| DOI: 10.22077/escs.2025.7874.2298 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Soheila Aghaei Dargiri1; Shahram Naeimi* 2; Seyed Mojtaba Khayam Nekouei3 | ||
| 1Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Biological Control Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Biological Control Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Faculty of Bioscience, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Introduction Climate change is a major concern for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century, as it negatively affects crop production and soil fertility, thereby increasing the risk of famine. Among the various issues associated with climate change, salt stress is one of the most significant factors affecting crop production worldwide. Many biotic and abiotic factors can limit wheat yield. Abiotic stress is one of the main limitations that inhibit plant growth and productivity by disrupting physiological processes and suppressing defense mechanisms. Seed germination is a critical life stage for the survival of plants and the timely establishment of seedlings, especially in stressful environments. However, several mitigation strategies are also used to cope with the adverse effects of salt stress. Microbial-based solutions, in particular, are highly desirable in sustainable agriculture as they provide a natural, cost-effective, and environmentally safe approach to improve plant growth and yield. Materials and methods A study was conducted to investigate the effect of the endophytic bacteria Micromonospora echinaurantiaca and Sphingomonas aquatilis on the salinity tolerance of the Sardari wheat variety under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The experiments were designed in a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments included endophytic bacteria (1 × 10⁸ cells ml-1, λ = 600 n) and salt stress levels of 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl, with three replications. Results and discussion The results showed that the endophytic bacteria M. echinaurantiaca and S. aquatilis enhanced wheat seed germination compared to the control. The presence of the endophyte M. echinaurantiaca at concentrations of 50 and 100 mM, and S. aquatilis at 50 mM, improved wheat seed germination by 100% compared to the control. The most significant increases in shoot and root length under 150 mM salt stress were observed in wheat inoculated with M. echinaurantiaca compared to the control. M. echinaurantiaca increased the fresh weight of wheat seedlings by 4.32% under 150 mM salinity stress compared to uninoculated plants. However, this bacterium caused a 19.90% decrease in dry weight. A significant 15.07% increase in root lenght tolerance index was observed in the presence of M. echinaurantiaca under 50 mM salinity stress compared to the control. Evaluation of salinity tolerance indices revealed that the highest tolerance indices for shoot length, root length, dry weight, and germination were observed in plants inoculated with M. echinaurantiaca and S. aquatilis under control (non-saline) conditions. Wheat inoculated with M. echinaurantiaca showed a 63.92% increase in stem length tolerance under 150 mM salinity stress. The endophytic bacterium M. echinaurantiaca increased root stress tolerance by 62.25% under 150 mM salinity stress. The wet weight tolerance index increased in response to inoculation with M. echinaurantiaca. Evaluation of the dry weight tolerance index showed that M. echinaurantiaca increased this index by 129.01%. The germination tolerance index increased by 108.70% following wheat inoculation with M. echinaurantiaca. Under greenhouse conditions and 150 mM salt stress, M. echinaurantiaca and S. aquatilis increased chlorophyll a content by 12.95% and 6.39%, respectively. Additionally, S. aquatilis increased chlorophyll b content by 48.54% and carotenoid content by 80.42% compared to the control. Under 150 mM salinity stress, S. aquatilis also increased relative leaf water content by 81.60%, and enhanced antioxidant activity and flavonoid content by 81.23% and 46.11%, respectively. Moreover, the endophytes enhanced catalase activity and modulated hydrogen peroxide levels, indicating their crucial role in improving wheat tolerance to salt stress. Based on these results, using the endophytic bacteria M. echinaurantiaca and S. aquatilis for biological seed priming is an effective strategy to mitigate salinity stress and enhance wheat salinity tolerance. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of further research on biological priming using endophytic bacteria. In the future, enhancing crop performance through microbiome-based approaches could contribute to significant advances in sustainable agriculture under changing climatic conditions. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Catalase; Germination index; Germination percentage; Photosynthetic pigments | ||
| References | ||
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