The Neuroimaging Aspects of Second Language Learning in Educational Environment: A Systematic Review of Literature

Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P. A., Ding, G., Weekes, B., Costa, A., & Green, D. W. (2013). Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals. Cortex, 49(3), 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.018

Aldhaheri, T. A., Kulkarni, S. B., & Bhise, P. R. (2021). Methods of Electroencephalography in Neurolinguistics: A Systematic Review. Grenze International Journal of Engineering & Technology (GIJET), 7(1).

Alduais, A., Alduais, A., Amidfar, M., & Alizadeh Incheh, S. (2023). Neurolinguistics: A scientometric review. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 10(1), 2197341. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2023.2197341

Andò, A., Vasilotta, M. L., & Zennaro, A. (2021). The modulation of emotional awareness using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques: A literature review on TMS and tDCS. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 33(8), 993-1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2021.1954013

Angelovska, T., & Roehm, D. (2023). A Selective Review of Event-Related Potential Investigations in Second and Third Language Acquisition of Syntax. Languages, 8(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages8010090

Antonicelli, G., & Rastelli, S. (2023). Event-related potentials in the study of L2 sentence processing: A scoping review of the decade 2010-2020. Language Acquisition, 30(2), 163-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2022.2141633

Bajracharya, A., & Peelle, J. E. (2023). A systematic review of neuroimaging approaches to mapping language in individuals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 68, 101163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2023.101163

Bardovi‐Harlig, K., & Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Do language learners recognize pragmatic violations? Pragmatic versus grammatical awareness in instructed L2 learning. TESOL Quarterly, 32(2), 233-259. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587583

Barquero, L. A., Davis, N., & Cutting, L. E. (2014). Neuroimaging of reading intervention: a systematic review and activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis. PloS one, 9(1), e83668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083668

Bandettini, P. A. (2009). What's new in neuroimaging methods? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 260-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04420.x

*Barbeau, E. B., Chai, X. J., Chen, J. K., Soles, J., Berken, J., Baum, S., ... & Klein, D. (2017). The role of the left inferior parietal lobule in second language learning: An intensive language training fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 98, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.003

Bialystok, E. (2024). Bilingualism modifies cognition through adaptation, not transfer. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.28(11), 987-997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2024.07.012

Blanken, T. F., Bathelt, J., Deserno, M. K., Voge, L., Borsboom, D., & Douw, L. (2021). Connecting brain and behavior in clinical neuroscience: A network approach. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 130, 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.027

Bolkan, S., & Goodboy, A. K. (2020). Instruction, example order, and student learning: Reducing extraneous cognitive load by providing structure for elaborated examples. Communication Education, 69(3), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2019.1701196

*Buchweitz, A., Mason, R. A., Hasegawa, M., & Just, M. A. (2009). Japanese and English sentence reading comprehension and writing systems: An fMRI study of first and second language effects on brain activation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728908003970

Butler, A., Hall, H., & Copnell, B. (2016). A guide to writing a qualitative systematic review protocol to enhance evidence‐based practice in nursing and health care. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 13(3), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12134

Cattinelli, I., Borghese, N. A., Gallucci, M., & Paulesu, E. (2013). Reading the reading brain: a new meta-analysis of functional imaging data on reading. Journal of neurolinguistics, 26(1), 214-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.08.001

*Choi, S., Jang, K. E., Lee, Y., Song, H., Cha, H., Lee, H. J., ... & Chang, Y. (2018). Neural processing of lower-and upper-case text in second language learners of English: an fMRI study. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(2), 165-174.    https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1384028

Chong, s. W., & Plonsky, L. (2024). A typology of secondary research in Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 15(4), 1569-1594. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-0544

Comstock, L. (2024). The role of research design in the reproducibility of L1 and L2 language networks: A review of bilingual neuroimaging meta-analyses. Brain and Language, 249, 105377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105377 

Corrigan, N. M., Yarnykh, V. L., Huber, E., Zhao, T. C., & Kuhl, P. K. (2022). Brain myelination at 7 months of age predicts later language development. Neuroimage, 263, 119641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119641

Covey, L., Fiorentino, R., & Gabriele, A. (2024). Island sensitivity in L2 learners: Evidence from acceptability judgments and event-related potentials. Second Language Research, 40(1), 19-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583221116039

Dallas, A., DeDe, G., & Nicol, J. (2013). An event‐related potential (ERP) investigation of filler‐gap processing in native and second language speakers. Language Learning, 63(4), 766–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12026

Davis, D. (2016). A practical overview of how to conduct a systematic review. Nursing Standard, 31(12). https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2016.e10316

Deldar, Z., Gevers-Montoro, C., Khatibi, A., & Ghazi-Saidi, L. (2020). The interaction between language and working memory: a systematic review of fMRI studies in the past two decades. AIMS neuroscience, 8(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3934/Neuroscience.2021001

Démonet, J. F., Thierry, G., & Cardebat, D. (2005). Renewal of the neurophysiology of language: functional neuroimaging. Physiological reviews, 85(1), 49 95. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00049.2003

Desroches, A. S., Cone, N. E., Bolger, D. J., Bitan, T., Burman, D. D., & Booth, J. R. (2010). Children with reading difficulties show differences in brain regions associated with orthographic processing during spoken language processing. Brain research, 1356, 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.097

Du, B., Yang, Z., Wang, C., Li, Y., & Tao, S. (2023). Short-term training helps second-language learners read like native readers: An ERP study. Brain and Language, 239, 105251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105251

*Elgort, I., Perfetti, C. A., Rickles, B., & Stafura, J. Z. (2015). Contextual learning of L2 word meanings: Second language proficiency modulates behavioural and event-related brain potential (ERP) indicators of learning. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30(5), 506-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.942673

Fedorenko, E., & Kanwisher, N. (2009). Neuroimaging of language: why hasn't a clearer picture emerged?. Language and linguistics compass, 3(4), 839-865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00143.x

Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91(4), 1357-1392. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2011

Filipović, L. (2022). First language versus second language effect on memory for motion events: The role of language type and proficiency. International Journal of Bilingualism, 26(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069211022863

Friederici, A. D., & Wartenburger, I. (2010). Language and brain. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(2), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.9

Fu, Y., Bermúdez-Margaretto, B., Beltrán, D., Huili, W., & Dominguez, A. (2024). Language proficiency modulates L2 orthographic learning mechanism: Evidence from event-related brain potentials in overt naming. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263123000426

Gernsbacher, M. A., & Kaschak, M. P. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of language production and comprehension. Annual review of psychology, 54(1), 91-114. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145128

Godfroid, A., & Hopp, H. (Eds.). (2023). The Routledge handbook of second language acquisition and psycholinguistics. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

*Grant, A. M., Fang, S. Y., & Li, P. (2015). Second language lexical development and cognitive control: A longitudinal fMRI study. Brain and language, 144, 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2015.03.010

Grey, S. (2023). Variability in native and nonnative language: An ERP study of semantic and grammar processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 45(1), 137-166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263122000055

Guiral, J. A. (2024). Neuropsychological dimensions related to alterations of verbal self-monitoring neural networks in schizophrenic language: systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1356726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1356726

Herholz, K., Perani, D., Fazekas, F., Markus, H., Baumgartner, R. W., & Baron, J. C. (2001). A survey of neuroimaging research in European neurological departments. European Journal of Neurology, 8(2), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00206.x

Herringshaw, A. J., Ammons, C. J., DeRamus, T. P., & Kana, R. K. (2016). Hemispheric differences in language processing in autism spectrum disorders: A meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies. Autism Research, 9(10), 1046-1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1599

Hu, W., & Luo, Y. (2024). Chinese English language learners’ vocabulary retention: Investigating the effectiveness of neuro/metacognitive and socio-cultural strategies. BMC psychology, 12(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01612-0

Kelsen, B. A., Sumich, A., Kasabov, N., Liang, S. H., & Wang, G. Y. (2022). What has social neuroscience learned from hyperscanning studies of spoken communication? A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 1249-1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.008

*Koyama, M. S., Stein, J. F., Stoodley, C. J., & Hansen, P. C. (2014). A cross-linguistic evaluation of script-specific effects on fMRI lateralization in late second language readers. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 249. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00249

Kram, L., Ohlerth, A. K., Ille, S., Meyer, B., & Krieg, S. M. (2024). CompreTAP: Feasibility and reliability of a new language comprehension mapping task via preoperative navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cortex, 171, 347-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.023

Kraus, B., Zinbarg, R., Braga, R. M., Nusslock, R., Mittal, V. A., & Gratton, C. (2023). Insights from personalized models of brain and behavior for identifying biomarkers in psychiatry. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 152, 105259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105259

Kumar, U., Dhanik, K., Mishra, M., Pandey, H. R., & Keshri, A. (2024). Mapping the unique neural engagement in deaf individuals during picture, word, and sign language processing: fMRI study. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-024-00878-7

Legault, J., Fang, S. Y., Lan, Y. J., & Li, P. (2019). Structural brain changes as a function of second language vocabulary training: Effects of learning context. Brain and Cognition, 134, 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2018.09.004

Li, Y. (2024). Can late language learners acquire second language grammar? Evidence from linguistic to neuroscience methods. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1421072. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1421072

Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. A. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.001

Lindell, A. K. (2006). In your right mind: Right hemisphere contributions to language processing and production. Neuropsychology review, 16(3), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-006-9011-9

Littlewood, W. (2004). Second language learning. In A. Davies, & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 501–524). Malden, MA: Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470757000.ch20

*Liu, C., de Bruin, A., Jiao, L., Li, Z., & Wang, R. (2021a). Second language learning tunes the language control network: a longitudinal fMRI study. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 36(4), 462-473. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2020.1856898

*Liu, C., Jiao, L., Li, Z., Timmer, K., & Wang, R. (2021b). Language control network adapts to second language learning: A longitudinal rs-fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 150, 107688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107688

Loosen, A. M., Kato, A., & Gu, X. (2024). Revisiting the role of computational neuroimaging in the era of integrative neuroscience. Neuropsychopharmacology, 50(1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-024-01946-8

Lum, J. A., Clark, G. M., Bigelow, F. J., & Enticott, P. G. (2022). Resting state electroencephalography (EEG) correlates with children’s language skills: Evidence from sentence repetition. Brain and Language, 230, 105137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105137

Makita, K., Yamazaki, M., Tanabe, H. C., Koike, T., Kochiyama, T., Yokokawa, H., ... & Sadato, N. (2013). A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Foreign‐Language Vocabulary Learning Enhanced by Phonological Rehearsal: The Role of the Right Cerebellum and Left Fusiform Gyrus. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7(4), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12029

Mancin, S., Sguanci, M., Anastasi, G., Godino, L., Cascio, A. L., Morenghi, E., ... & De Marinis, M. G. (2024). RETRACTED: A methodological framework for rigorous systematic reviews: Tailoring comprehensive analyses to clinicians and healthcare professionals. Methods, 225, 38-43.

Michon, K. J., Khammash, D., Simmonite, M., Hamlin, A. M., & Polk, T. A. (2022). Person-specific and precision neuroimaging: Current methods and future directions. NeuroImage, 263, 119589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119589

* Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., & Grainger, J. (2009). Masked repetition and translation priming in second language learners: A window on the time‐course of form and meaning activation using ERPs. Psychophysiology, 46(3), 551-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00784.x

*Midgley, K. J., Holcomb, P. J., & Grainger, J. (2011). Effects of cognate status on word comprehension in second language learners: An ERP investigation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 23(7), 1634-1647. https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjocn.2010.21463

Momenian, M., Vaghefi, M., Sadeghi, H., Momtazi, S., & Meyer, L. (2024). Language prediction in monolingual and bilingual speakers: an EEG study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 6818. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57426-y

Monroy-Sosa, A., Chakravarthi, S. S., Cortes-Contreras, A. P., Hernandez-Varela, M., Andres-Arrieta, V., Epping, A., & Rovin, R. A. (2021). The evolution of cerebral language localization: historical analysis and current trends. World Neurosurgery, 145, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.028

Morgan-Short, K., Deng, Z., Brill-Schuetz, K. A., Faretta-Stutenberg, M., Wong, P. C., & Wong, F. C. (2015). A view of the neural representation of second language syntax through artificial language learning under implicit contexts of exposure. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37(2), 383-419. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263115000030

Mueller, J. L. (2009). The influence of lexical familiarity on ERP responses during sentence comprehension in language learners. Second Language Research, 25(1), 43-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658308098996

Mulder, E., Van de Ven, M., Segers, E., & Verhoeven, L. (2019). Context, word, and student predictors in second language vocabulary learning. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40(1), 137-166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716418000504

Mϋnte, T. F., Altenmϋller, E., & Jäncke, L. (2002). The musician’s brain as a model of neuroplasticity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn843

Nakagawa, E., Koike, T., Sumiya, M., Shimada, K., Makita, K., Yoshida, H., ... & Sadato, N. (2022). The Neural Correlates of Semantic and Grammatical Encoding During Sentence Production in a Second Language: Evidence From an fMRI Study Using Structural Priming. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 753245. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.753245

Osterhout, L., Poliakov, A., Inoue, K., McLaughlin, J., Valentine, G., Pitkanen, I., ... & Hirschensohn, J. (2008). Second-language learning and changes in the brain. Journal of neurolinguistics, 21(6), 509-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.01.001

Pinel, P., & Dehaene, S. (2010). Beyond hemispheric dominance: brain regions underlying the joint lateralization of language and arithmetic to the left hemisphere. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 48-66. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21184

Pu, P., Chang, D. Y. S., & Wang, S. (2024). Incidental learning of collocations through different multimodal input: The role of learners’ initial L2 proficiency. System, 125, 103416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103416

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Parviainen, T., & Kujala, J. (2023). Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and Event-Related Fields (ERFs). In Language Electrified: Principles, Methods, and Future Perspectives of Investigation (pp. 195-239). New York, NY: Springer US.

Perkins, K., & Zhang, L. J. (2024). The Effect of First Language Transfer on Second Language Acquisition and Learning: From Contrastive Analysis to Contemporary Neuroimaging. RELC Journal, 55(1), 162-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221081894

Perpiñán, S. (2015). L2 grammar and L2 processing in the acquisition of Spanish prepositional relative clauses. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(4), 577-596. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000583

Perret, M., Neige, C., Brunelin, J., & Mondino, M. (2024). Unraveling the brain mechanisms of source monitoring with non-invasive brain stimulation: A systematic review. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 24(2), 100449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100449

Piller, I., & Bodis, A. (2024). Marking and unmarking the (non) native speaker through English language proficiency requirements for university admission. Language in Society, 53(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404522000689

Provost, S., Fourdain, S., Vannasing, P., Tremblay, J., Roger, K., Caron-Desrochers, L., ... & Gallagher, A. (2024). Language brain responses and neurodevelopmental outcome in preschoolers with congenital heart disease: A fNIRS study. Neuropsychologia, 108843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108843

Pu, H., Holcomb, P. J., & Midgley, K. J. (2016). Neural changes underlying early stages of L2 vocabulary acquisition. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 40, 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2014.09.004

Quin-Conroy, J. E., Bayliss, D. M., Daniell, S. G., & Badcock, N. A. (2024). Patterns of language and visuospatial functional lateralization and cognitive ability: a systematic review. Laterality, 29(1), 63-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650X.2023.2263199

Raichle, M. E. (2009). A brief history of human brain mapping. Trends in neurosciences, 32(2), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.11.001

Rajimehr, R., Firoozi, A., Rafipoor, H., Abbasi, N., & Duncan, J. (2022). Complementary hemispheric lateralization of language and social processing in the human brain. Cell Reports, 41(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111617

Rastelli, S. (2018). Neurolinguistics and second language teaching: A view from the crossroads. Second Language Research, 34(1), 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658316681377

Reber, P. J. (2013). The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: a review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research. Neuropsychologia, 51(10), 2026-2042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.019

*Reiterer, S., Pereda, E., & Bhattacharya, J. (2009). Measuring second language proficiency with EEG synchronization: how functional cortical networks and hemispheric involvement differ as a function of proficiency level in second language speakers. Second Language Research, 25(1), 77-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658308098997

Roberts, L., & Siyanova-Chanturia, A. (2013). Using eye-tracking to investigate topics in L2 acquisition and L2 processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 35(2), 213-235. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263112000861

Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Matute, E., & Vélez-Uribe, I. (2014). Language development across the life span: A neuropsychological/neuroimaging perspective. Neuroscience Journal, 2014(1), 585237. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/585237

Russo, C., & Senese, V. P. (2023). Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy is a useful tool for multi‐perspective psychobiological study of neurophysiological correlates of parenting behaviour. European Journal of Neuroscience, 57(2), 258-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15890

Sabourin, L. (2009). Neuroimaging and research into second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 25(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658308098994

Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (3rd ed). Sage Publications.

Savoy, R. L. (2001). History and future directions of human brain mapping and functional neuroimaging. Acta Psychologica, 107(1-3), 9-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-6918(01)00018-x

Schlaggar, B. L., & Church, J. A. (2009). Functional neuroimaging insights into the development of skilled reading. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(1), 21-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01599.x

Schiavo, J. H. (2019). PROSPERO: an international register of systematic review protocols. Medical reference services quarterly, 38(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2019.1588072

Shaheen, N., Shaheen, A., Ramadan, A., Hefnawy, M. T., Ramadan, A., Ibrahim, I. A., ... & Flouty, O. (2023). Appraising systematic reviews: a comprehensive guide to ensuring validity and reliability. Frontiers in research metrics and analytics, 8, 1268045. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2023.1268045

Sharma, R., & Meena, H. K. (2024). Emerging Trends in EEG Signal Processing: A Systematic Review. SN Computer Science, 5(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-024-02773-w

Sullivan, M. D., Janus, M., Moreno, S., Astheimer, L., & Bialystok, E. (2014). Early stage second-language learning improves executive control: Evidence from ERP. Brain and language, 139, 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.004

Sulpizio, S., Del Maschio, N., Fedeli, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2020). Bilingual language processing: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 834-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014

Svaldi, C., Paquier, P., Keulen, S., van Elp, H., Catsman-Berrevoets, C., Kingma, A., ... & de Aguiar, V. (2024). Characterising the long-term language impairments of children following cerebellar tumour surgery by extracting psycholinguistic properties from spontaneous language. The Cerebellum, 23(2), 523-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-023-01563-z

Tao, L., Wang, G., Zhu, M., & Cai, Q. (2021). Bilingualism and domain-general cognitive functions from a neural perspective: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 125, 264-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.029

Van Atteveldt, N., Van Kesteren, M. T., Braams, B., & Krabbendam, L. (2018). Neuroimaging of learning and development: improving ecological validity. Frontline Learning Research, 6(3), 186. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v6i3.366

Von Rhein, D., Mennes, M., van Ewijk, H., Groenman, A. P., Zwiers, M. P., Oosterlaan, J., ... & Buitelaar, J. (2015). The NeuroIMAGE study: a prospective phenotypic, cognitive, genetic and MRI study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Design and descriptives. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 24, 265-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0573-4

Wang, R., Ke, S., Zhang, Q., Zhou, K., Li, P., & Yang, J. (2020). Functional and structural neuroplasticity associated with second language proficiency: An MRI study of Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 56, 100940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100940

*Wang, Y., Xue, G., Chen, C., Xue, F., & Dong, Q. (2007). Neural bases of asymmetric language switching in second-language learners: An ER-fMRI study. NeuroImage, 35(2), 862-870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.054

Ware, C., Dautricourt, S., Gonneaud, J., & Chételat, G. (2021). Does second language learning promote neuroplasticity in aging? A systematic review of cognitive and neuroimaging studies. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 706672. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.706672

Whelan, R. R. (2007). Neuroimaging of cognitive load in instructional multimedia. Educational Research Review, 2(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2006.11.001

Wischmann, S., Kamper, N. R., Jantzen, L., Hammer, L., Reipur, D. B., Serafin, S., & Percy-Smith, L. (2024). Explaining neurological factors of hearing loss through digital technologies. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 176, 111825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111825

*Xu, X., Pan, M., Dai, H., Zhang, H., & Lu, Y. (2019). How referential uncertainty is modulated by conjunctions: ERP evidence from advanced Chinese–English L2 learners and English L1 speakers. Second Language Research, 35(2), 195-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658318756948

*Yang, J., Gates, K. M., Molenaar, P., & Li, P. (2015). Neural changes underlying successful second language word learning: An fMRI study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 33, 29-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2014.09.004

Yongqi Gu, P. (2016). Questionnaires in language teaching research. Language Teaching Research, 20(5), 567-570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816664001

Zhang, X., Yang, J., Wang, R., & Li, P. (2020). A neuroimaging study of semantic representation in first and second languages. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35(10), 1223-1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2020.1738509

Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Huang, H., Zhang, Z., Wu, S., Qiu, J., & Wu, Y. J. (2024). Neuroimaging evidence dissociates forced and free language selection during bilingual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728924000324

Zheng, Y., & Zhang, B. (2024). 25-year neuroimaging research on spoken language processing: a bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18, 1461505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1461505